This document discusses a few high-level concepts of PostgreSQL’s internals. Even though these are not needed in day-to-day activities, knowing them would certainly help understand queries and ...

Rate limiter is a vital component in large-scale web applications, as it controls traffic to the application servers to ensure a smooth experience for the majority of the users. It has become a cri...

A majority portion of web applications are largely data-intensive, and not compute-intensive. The speed of fetching the overall data to process the requests is generally the limiting factor as is a...

One of the foundation problems of designing a distributed system is how to store some data in a distributed system. One basic approach is to share or duplicate all the data between the nodes. Howev...

The Log-Structured Merge Tree, also known as an LSM tree, is one of the most popular storage engines, focusing on performant write operations. The benefit over the B+ Tree with this mechanism is th...

The Byzantine consensus problem is an interesting problem in distributed systems, even though it dates back to medieval times. The idea originates in medieval battle strategy, where all loyal gener...

The transaction isolation level is one of the vital aspects to understand how transactions influence each other when run concurrently. Isolation level establishes a balance between consistency and ...

Distributed systems consist of a set of loosely coupled services that end users perceive as a single coherent system. However, due to the loose coupling between components and communication over th...

Concurrency and Paralleism - these terms sound similar; however, from a software engineer’s perspective, they denote two different concepts. Concurrency is the ability of a system to perform multi...

In this wiki, we will explore an approach to designing a notification service. Part of the System Design Case Studies series (7 parts) System Design - Rate Limiter Introduction to Consistent Ha...